What characterizes High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV) compared to conventional ventilation?

High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV) is characterized by the use of very small tidal volumes delivered at a significantly higher frequency compared to conventional ventilation methods. The presence of an active exhalation phase during HFOV is a critical component that differentiates it from conventional mechanical ventilation.

In HFOV, the ventilator utilizes a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) baseline along with rapid oscillatory movements that create both inspiration and expiration phases. This is essential as it allows for better gas exchange while minimizing lung injury, especially in neonatal patients with conditions like Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The active exhalation phase aids in the removal of carbon dioxide while maintaining lung recruitment and preventing atelectasis.

In contrast, conventional ventilation typically relies on larger tidal volumes and does not engage in an active exhalation phase. Therefore, the active exhalation component of HFOV is integral to its functionality and effectiveness in promoting lung function while minimizing ventilator-induced lung injury.