What condition is associated with late hypocalcemia in neonates?

Late hypocalcemia in neonates is often associated with hypomagnesemia. Magnesium plays a crucial role in the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is essential for maintaining normal calcium levels in the body. In cases of hypomagnesemia, the secretion of PTH may be affected, leading to a decrease in calcium mobilization from the bones and a reduced renal reabsorption of calcium. As a result, this disruption can lead to a decrease in serum calcium levels, manifesting as hypocalcemia.

Hypocalcemia itself is characterized by low serum calcium levels, which can result in symptoms such as muscle spasms and seizures in neonates. Therefore, hypomagnesemia is directly linked to the incidence of late hypocalcemia, making it the correct answer in this context. The other conditions listed, while they may impact neonatal health, do not have the same clear and direct relationship with late hypocalcemia as hypomagnesemia does.