What type of infection might result from the use of antibiotics in neonates?

The correct answer is candidiasis, which is a type of fungal infection that can develop as a consequence of antibiotic use in neonates. When antibiotics are administered, they can disrupt the normal flora of the body, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. This disruption can lead to a decrease in the beneficial bacteria that usually keep opportunistic fungi, like Candida species, in check. As a result, Candida can overgrow, leading to infections such as oral thrush or more severe systemic candidiasis.

Antibiotics mainly target bacteria, but they do not target fungi, hence the opportunistic nature of Candida can lead to infection when the typical microbial balance is disturbed. This is particularly relevant in neonates, who may have an immature immune system and a different microbial composition than older children and adults, making them more susceptible to such infections after antibiotic therapy.

Understanding the impact of antibiotics on the neonatal microbiome is crucial in neonatal intensive care units, as it informs clinicians about the potential risks and helps guide appropriate prophylactic measures or treatments.