Which of the following is commonly associated with non-immune hydrops?

Non-immune hydrops is a serious condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the fetal compartments, and it is commonly associated with several underlying conditions. Severe anemia is one of the key factors frequently linked to non-immune hydrops because it leads to an increased volume of blood in the fetus as the body tries to compensate for the lack of red blood cells. This can result in fluid accumulation in various compartments, leading to hydrops.

In cases of severe anemia, underlyings causes such as maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility (which is considered in immune hydrops) can be excluded, thus categorizing the condition as non-immune hydrops. The presence of a significant deficiency in red blood cells leads to an increase in cardiac output and can result in fluid overload, thus contributing to the development of hydrops.

While chronic hypoxia and stunted growth may also be associated with certain conditions that can lead to non-immune hydrops, they are not as directly influential as severe anemia. Increased fetal movement typically indicates a well-oxygenated fetus and is not characteristic of the conditions leading to hydrops. Therefore, severe anemia is the most commonly associated factor in the context of non-immune hydrops.